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Sale and purchase of ship
'The ''Sale and purchase of ship is one of the important aspects of the shipping industry. It involves vast amounts of money (in excess of 100 million US Dollars) and requires different kinds of professional knowledge, such as knowledge of particular type of ship and its function, legal knowledge as well as dealing and bargaining knowledge. In order to reduce the number of disputes and smoothen the sale and purchase procedure, normally the shipowner (seller) and the buyer will appoint brokers as middlemen to handle the transaction. There are three main stages for the sale and purchase of a ship which include (1) the negotiation and contract stage, (2) the inspections stage and (3) the completion. From different stages, it includes different important issues and regulations. In following, the article will discuss all these stages of Sale and Purchase of a ship and all the important elements.
== Negotiation and contract stage ==
The negotiation and contract stage are the first two steps of the sale of a ship. They are normally carried out by the brokers appointed by both buyer and seller. Initially, the broker of the buyer will make the telex exchange with the seller's brokers to make an invitation to offer. The main concerns of both parties at this stage are the pricing, the particulars of the ship and the lay-days of the transaction.
After this approach, both parties will have the price bargaining and negotiations of the main terms of contract. If the basic terms are agreed upon by both parties, a recap telex which recaps the terms discussed will be exchanged, subject to details to be agreed later. With the recap telex, both parties can further discuss and bargain the main terms of contracts.
After all the details are agreed through numerous communications, a formal contract for the sale of ship - Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) - will be drawn up. There are some standard form contracts for the MOA like the Norwegian Sale Form (NSF). However, there are times the contract may be subject to some conditions such as obtaining approvals from directors or shareholders, or licences. After drawing the sales form, 10 percent of the deposit will be paid by the buyer and the buyer can appoint his own surveyor to inspect the ship.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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